There are two accounts of Jesus’ birth in the Bible: One in the Gospel of Matthew; the other in Luke. Elements from both are included in every Sunday School Christmas pageant, but how much of the two stories actually agree? How much is blatantly incompatible?
Matthew 1:18-2:21 ~ Angel to Joseph via dream; Joseph and Mary wed; Jesus born (Bethlehem); Wise men follow a star; Herod’s intervention; Wise men to Jesus; Escape to Egypt; Massacre of boys under 2 (Bethlehem+vicinity); Return to Nazareth after Herod’s death.
Luke 1:26-38, 2:1-51 ~ Gabriel to Mary in Nazareth (Galilee); Census; Journey to Bethlehem (Judea); No room at the inn; Jesus born; In a manger; Shepherds and Angels; Circumcision at the temple (Jerusalem), Simeon and Anna; Return to Nazareth; Jesus at 12 (Jerusalem and Nazareth).
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There is a ton of material to cover. I am going to begin by providing a timetable where there is no logical contradiction in these two accounts. There are several omissions in each story, but the details that are mentioned could have easily come from one singular, real experience.
Gabriel appears to Mary in Nazareth (Luke 1:26-38). Mary tells Joseph that this is God’s work through the Holy Spirit, and Joseph decides that the best course of action is to divorce her quietly (Matthew 1:18-19). An angel validates Mary in Joseph’s dreams, and he takes her as his wife (Matthew 1:20-24). Augustus issues the census decree, and the couple journeys to Bethlehem, where they find no room in the inn (Luke 2:1-6). Jesus is born in Bethlehem (Matthew 1:25-2:1; Luke 2:7). A star rose above Jesus (Matthew 2:2). A loud heavenly host implores neighboring shepherds to come and worship (Luke 2:8-20). Eight days later, Jesus is presented at the temple at Jerusalem and meets Simeon and Anna (Luke 2:21-38). They return to Nazareth (Luke 2:39-40). The wise men from the east see the star and meet a disturbed Herod a few years later (v16), and asks where the king of the Jews is to be born; Herod and his advisers say Bethlehem (Matthew 2:1-8). They keep traveling until they come to Jesus and worship Him, returning home by another route (Matthew 2:9-12). Joseph is warned of Herod in a dream, and the family flees to Egypt (Matthew 2:13-15). Herod orders the massacre of young boys in and around Bethlehem (Matthew 2:16-18). The family returns home and arrives in Nazareth after the death of Herod (Matthew 2:21-23). Jesus grows up in Nazareth, and this includes a visit to the temple in Jerusalem at age 12 (Luke 2:41-51).
Now that we have a combined narrative, let’s examine some common perceptions.
Ha! Mary and Joseph get married in Matthew before Jesus is born, but Mary is only pledged in Luke. (Matthew 1:24-25; Luke 2:5-6)
I admit here that I do not know much about marriage customs of the Jewish people around 0 BC. However, in much of the Old Testament, a marriage is not sealed until there are sexual relations between the husband and wife. Matthew makes note of this specifically that Mary was taken as his wife, but he had no union with her until after Jesus was born (1:24-25). For the sake of everyone else, Joseph and Mary were wed and unified. This was absolutely necessary because engaged couples had a lot of responsibility toward one another, but no privacy whatsoever. Mary would seem to be an adulterer (the respective families would swear she and Joseph were never alone together), and her life would be in danger.
Luke, however, is an investigator. Traditionally (and due to the level of detail), he is said to have interviewed Mary, who knew that she had not been unified with Joseph until after the birth of Jesus and refuted the claim she was married beforehand.
Further complicating the issue is that engaged couples were often called husbands and wives.
The bottom line is that marriage was not as cut and dry as it is today, and we can’t conclude this is a contradiction.
Ha! They go to Jerusalem every year for Passover in Luke. That couldn’t have happened if they went to Egypt in Matthew. (Luke 2:41; Matthew 2:13 and 19)
Not so fast. Where did they flee to in Egypt? The region known as Egypt back then probably stretched farther than it does today, and there were locations where the annual trip to Jerusalem was not nearly as inconvenient as we may think.
But even if we do assume that Mary and Joseph celebrated the Passover feast in Egypt instead of the temple, do we have a real contradiction? As mentioned earlier, Luke is thought to have interviewed Mary about the circumstances of Jesus’ birth, so Mary must have mentioned that they went to the temple every year.
If you interview my mother about Christmas, she will say that we celebrated Christmas Eve at our house every year. But that’s not true. We started doing that when I was a young boy, perhaps eight or nine.
After the family returns from Egypt, and before this specific story when Jesus is twelve, there are several years to build a tradition where the whole town up and journeys to Jerusalem for the feast. If I was Mary and this journey had taken place for five years before the story when Jesus is twelve (and for more than a decade afterward), I would say that we went to Jerusalem every year.
Again, we don’t have enough to prove a contradiction.
How can the Wise men from the East follow a star in the East and travel West? (Matthew 2:1-2, 9)
The actual Greek indicates that the star is not necessarily in the East, but rather the wise men saw the star when it rose. This could mean that the star rose in the East, but it could simply mean the star had appeared, or had irregularly become prominent.
But even if the star rose in the East, it would set in the West, and could lead the wise magi. Additionally, if the magi were astronomers, the star could simply have pointed them in the correct direction, instead of hovering over Jesus as is traditionally seen.
Finally, the wise men could have not followed the star at all (at first)! Instead, they travel to Jerusalem like the star was a metaphorical starting gun, thinking it the logical place for the birth of the Jewish king. Upon arrival, they could note to Herod that they were from the East and then point out what had signaled their travels, a star which at the time could have been rising in the East.
Why assume the wise men come a significant time after the shepherds?
I think this is an alright assumption because Herod decides to kill all young boys under two years of age in Bethlehem in Matthew 2:16. Herod probably did the math and allowed a little wiggle room. If the wise men had been on a long journey before they came to him and they had failed to report back to him for a while, then it could be have easily been a year (again, allowing wiggle room).
How can there be so much travel for pregnant/post-pregnant Mary? Where’s Mary on a donkey?
There were no exceptions for pregnant women. Some modern women work up until the day they give birth. Maybe Mary, being young, prematurely gave birth when she wasn’t expecting it to happen. Perhaps the journey actually induced labor. Any scenario allows for these possibilities.
The idea of Mary riding on a donkey are those of tradition. Some would argue that since Mary and Joseph were poor, they could not have afforded a donkey. However, Joseph is described to us as skilled worker in an area where archaeologists believe Roman colonies were being constructed. A donkey would have been all but necessary for that kind of profession, and would have been expensive enough to purchase and maintain to leave Joseph monetarily invested in his work and practically poor.
Why return to Judea in Matthew? (v22)
Some would argue Matthew believes Bethlehem to be the real home of Mary and Joseph, as Nazareth is not mentioned until after the re-routing. However, one way to return back home to Nazareth could have been through Judea, but they simply went around it thinking there could still be trouble.
Don’t the wise men follow the star to Bethlehem? (Matthew 2:9)
Actually, the text says that the magi follow the star to where the child was. The astrologers and sages for Herod may have directed them toward Bethlehem, but the star is never mentioned as the star over Bethlehem. As mentioned above, the wise men could have not had the idea to follow the star until well into their journey. Imagine one possible scenario where they leave Jerusalem under Herod’s advice and travel to Bethlehem searching for Jesus, still oblivious to the star. When they see ask around and find Jesus is not there, they decide to look to the star, and follow it until they reach the Joseph and Mary’s home in Nazareth.
Why does Herod order a massacre at Bethlehem if Jesus isn’t there? (Matthew 2:16-18)
Herod thinks that Jesus is there. That’s where the Messiah was supposed to be born. Again, he left a little wiggle room by ordering a massacre of young boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity.
Why isn’t the massacre recorded in non-Christian sources? The actual number of babies and toddlers killed for that area might have been around twenty, which is horrible but not the most noteworthy of historians.
So why does an angel warn Joseph to leave if Herod’s target is several miles off? The answer could simply be that Herod was a madman. If he tried, he could probably have someone ask questions and track the route of the magi (let’s face it, that caravan would not have been so sleuthy in those parts) to Jesus’ actual home. It was still prudent to escape to Egypt.
Why the major omissions? Why not mention wise men, Herod, and Egypt in Luke? Why not mention shepherds, Simeon and Anna, and 12-year-old Jesus in Matthew?
The answer could be boring, but I think it is because they were written to different audiences.
Look at Luke, which was written to the gentiles. The events he chooses to include involve angels coming to shepherds, the blessings of an elderly woman, and Jesus’ impressiveness at age 12 among intellectuals in Jerusalem. Luke emphasizes that this was a humble birth, and that God came to the second-class citizens (shepherds and Anna, a woman), and that even at a young age, Jesus could best the self-righteous Jewish elite.
Look at Matthew, which was probably written to a Jewish audience. Matthew talks about kings and prophecy. He brings up the fond thoughts of a kingly messiah, where all the nations bow to a Jew, and the Roman-installed king is jealous and out-witted. He includes many borderline prophecies so that they will click with Jewish readers. That’s from Micah!.. Isaiah; Hosea; Jeremiah! Readers would have been more interested in this Jesus of Nazareth having read those quotes and allusions from Matthew’s birth narrative.
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Although it is not a widely pursued set of contradictions, this is the Christmas season. Merry Christmas: Immanuel.
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